Mastering PAM4 Design and Test Techniques
PAM4 (Pulse Amplitude Modulation 4-level) is a modulation technique that uses four distinct voltage levels to encode two bits of data per symbol. Unlike traditional NRZ, which transmits one bit per symbol, PAM4 doubles the data rate at the same bandwidth, making it essential for next-generation high-speed serial standards.
In the course of our careers, we …
ENOB — the Practical Measure of ADC Accuracy
Leading-edge electronic systems are becoming faster, denser, and more complex. Engineers working on next-generation wireless, automotive radar, medical imaging, and high-speed computing are all pushing the boundaries of performance. As a result, testing these systems isn’t easy - signals are higher in frequency, denser in modulation, and more sensitive …
In countless critical environments—from pharmaceutical cleanrooms and food storage facilities to semiconductor manufacturing and archival preservation—precise humidity control isn't just a preference, it's a necessity. Inaccurate humidity readings can lead to compromised products, inefficient processes, and costly compliance issues. Humidity calibration is your assurance that your measurements are …
From automotive assembly lines to aerospace engineering, the precise application of torque is essential for safety, reliability, and product quality. Torque tools—wrenches, screwdrivers, and analyzers—must deliver exact rotational force to fasteners. But how can you ensure their accuracy over time? The answer lies in rigorous torque calibration.
This guide provides an in-depth exploration of …
Verification and compliance of high-speed systems require visibility across the full signal path—from DUT to oscilloscope input. This means de-embedding test fixtures and interconnects, embedding realistic system conditions, and, in some cases, applying receiver equalization to emulate Tx/Rx behavior. Only then can you confirm both compliance and real-world performance.
Tektronix’s new Signal …
